Wednesday, December 09, 2015

Today's "Hillary Clinton is terrible" post

But there is some sunshine at the end for New Democrats.

A couple points to ponder, and a reminder that with the SCOTUS about to decide on one man/one vote, how critical it is for Democrats, new and old and otherwise, to figure out how to motivate non-voters.

Anybody want to answer some questions?

This one will just make you mad.  Maybe as angry as a Trumpublican, I don't know.

Some sharp criticism here and here of how she has conducted herself recently that demonstrate why those two guys who wrote the pieces above are so negative.

Now for the good news, Hillarians.  You can replace every single disgruntled progressive vote with perhaps as many as five or even ten Latino ones, once she taps Julian Castro as running mate and with solid Hispanic candidates downballot, like Ed Gonzalez for Harris County sheriff.  So -- really -- go ahead and tell us 20-25% or so of your former base to pound sand if we don't want to cast a ballot for Clinton.  We're old, white, and in the way.  Isn't this why you call yourselves "New" Democrats?

I think you're safe.  That is, if you can turn out the brown vote the way it needs to, and ought to be, turning out.  Maybe Marc Campos can help with that.  He's going to be a Democrat again after the mayor's race finishes on Saturday, isn't he?

Mayor's race tied, Gonzalez in for sheriff, and more *updates*

-- The unaffiliated-with-any-campaign poll shows it 38-38.

The Houston mayor's race appears to be a dead heat after the close of early voting Tuesday, according to a new poll and political experts who have reviewed ballot records, setting the stage for a four-day campaign sprint to usher voters to the polls on Saturday.

More than 113,000 voters had cast ballots by the end of early voting Tuesday. Through Monday, turnout had been concentrated in the same African-American and white conservative precincts that vaulted state Rep. Sylvester Turner and businessman Bill King into the runoff to succeed term-limited Mayor Annise Parker.

The end of early voting coincided with the release of the first independent poll of the runoff, showing Turner and King tied at 38 percent support among likely voters.

"I've never seen a race this close this late in the election," said Rice University political scientist Bob Stein, who conducted the survey for the University of Houston's Hobby Center for Public Policy on behalf of KHOU-11 and Houston Public Media.

24% of voters who describe themselves as having "already voted in the runoff, or were certain or very likely to do so" are undecided.  That's a weirdly high number of people who seemingly won't make up their minds until Saturday.   

Update: Kuff and KHOU. If you watch the video at the teevee station link, it shows that 'undecided' is actually 13% and 'refused to answer' is 11%.  This reminds me of all the undecideds in the HERO polling before the general, and as Kuff also wondered: why are people who are likely to vote refusing to answer the question?

-- Ed Gonzalez for Sheriff.  That's an early Christmas present for local Democrats.

City Councilman Ed Gonzalez,  an 18-year Houston Police Department veteran, announced Tuesday that he will run for Harris County Sheriff next year.

Gonzalez is finishing his third and final term as councilman of District H, the majority Hispanic district that includes the Near Northside and the Woodland Heights, in addition to some neighborhoods north of the 610 Loop. Gonzalez currently serves as mayor pro tem and chairs the council's Public Safety and Homeland Security Committee.

"My passion has always been public safety, it's been kind of my wheelhouse," Gonzalez said. "It's something that I just feel, as a someone who cares about public safety, I want to continue to serve in this capacity. ..."

Gonzalez has a big mess to clean up over there, but you can rest assured that voters next November are going to assign the job to him.  With Hillary Clinton and Joaquin Castro at the top of the ticket, the Third Way Dems can ignore the protests of progressives and replace all of their votes and then some with Latinos.  (I'll have more on this shortly.)

-- Will people who do not vote continue to have representation in Congress and the state legislatures? The SCOTUS is going to let us know some time next year.

Sue Evenwel, a conservative activist from Mount Pleasant in rural Northeast Texas believes it isn't necessarily fair to have the same number of people in every legislative district in the state.

She thinks the Texas state Senate map should be based on the number of eligible voters instead - to ensure that every vote counts the same. Last year, she and another conservative voter from Montgomery County sued the state in an attempt to force it to change the way it draws its legislative districts.

On Tuesday, U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in her case, a challenge that has become a national flashpoint in the debate over minority voting rights and undocumented immigrants.

The arguments were closely watched by activists on both sides of the political divide, particularly by Hispanic groups who say her plan would dilute the Latino vote by excluding children, legal permanent residents and those brought into the country illegally as children.

Analysts say it would also greatly diminish the political clout of Democratic-leaning cities like Houston, while increasing the influence of rural white voters who skew Republican.

For the justices who will rule on her challenge, the case also raised fundamental questions about the very nature of political representation in a democracy.

"Well, it is called one-person, one vote," said Chief Justice John Roberts. "That seems designed to protect voters."

Kuff's post is a great place to find info for a deeper dive.  Taking CJ Roberts' words at face value, it seems possible that voters might be the only ones who count, but as with the gun case earlier this week, there could also be a chance for the less partisan justices to demonstrate their temperance to their freak right colleagues.

My humble O?  No matter which way the Supremes go, it makes Democrats' job to turn out their vote more critical than ever.

-- The Republican judge presiding over Ken Paxton's trial is running for the state Court of Criminal Appeals, because he thinks -- as a result of his recent experience with Paxton's lawyers -- that justice is threatened in Texas.

In legal filings and court hearings, Attorney General Ken Paxton's legal team has taken a scorched earth approach to attacking (Judge Chris) Oldner, accusing the veteran Republican jurist of orchestrating a Machiavellian plot to get Paxton indicted by the grand jury that he oversaw.

"It's a common tactic for criminal defendants; when they have reached a desperate place, they attack the process," Judge Oldner said in an exclusive interview with News 8. "They attack prosecutors, they attack law enforcement, and they'll even attack the judge."

But Paxton is no common criminal defendant. As the attorney general, he is the state's top law officer.
Paxton's legal team has accused Oldner of — among other things — improperly selecting the grand jury, entering the grand jury room when he shouldn't have, and leaking confidential grand jury information to his wife, Cissy.

Last month, Oldner announced that rather than running for his current judicial post — a job he's held for more than a decade — he was going to run for the Court of Criminal Appeals, the state's highest criminal appeals court.

"Right now, we are facing an unprecedented time," Oldner said. "The system and the integrity of the system is being attacked, and I think it's important for strong, good, ethical judges to stand up and push back against the special interests."

Oldner talks of "dark money agenda groups who use massive email lists and web sites to push an agenda."

"When you face bullies, you have to stand up and push back," he said.

Land O'Goshen, this could be a Republican I could vote for.

-- The state Republican party douchebags are going to keep fighting over secession and equal rights and a few other things nobody else in the state of Texas gives a damn about.

Anger is building among some in the Republican Party of Texas over the way the State Republican Executive Committee meeting this weekend was handled by new Chairman Tom Mechler. But others are thankful he presided over the death of a controversial ballot resolution on secession that critics said caused the state’s governing party to be a “laughing stock” for most of the past week.

The anger now festering among some conservatives is the type of ire Mechler has been largely successful in containing since he was installed earlier this year by the SREC after former Chairman Steve Munisteri retired.

But some believe Mechler’s prevention of the steam from being released now could ultimately cost him the party's top job next year when he’s expected to face a fiery challenger at the 2016 RPT Convention in the Metroplex.

Longtime observers of the inner workings of the state GOP noted that exerting control in the midst of an executive committee meeting is very different from fending off a challenge from the far right at a convention. That is especially true for a rural chairman – Mechler is a businessman from Amarillo – at a convention held in one of the state’s major cities dominated by urban and suburban delegates.

Jared Woodfill thinks he can do a better job than Mechler.  It's as big a clusterf as their presidential nominating contest.  Days like these are when it's hard to believe that Democrats are getting their asses kicked by these clowns.

Updates:

-- Should African Americans boycott Mattress Mack for his support of Bill King?

-- Marc Campos rumor-mongers that Adrian Garcia will primary Gene Green.

Tuesday, December 08, 2015

"Just let the Republicans win: Maybe things need to get really bad before America wakes up"

Those of you who read all the way to the end of this post on the Texas Republican secessionist movement -- which failed to get on the state GOP primary ballot in a vote taken by the SREC -- will note that  a significant crossroads is coming up fast, and not just for the GOP and conservatives and TeaBaggers.

Liberals and progressives are right on the verge of separating themselves from the Democratic Party in the simmering feud between supporters of Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.  Shane Ryan at Salon sets it up with an excerpt of Thomas Frank's decade-old warning about conservative, corporate, Republican Lite Democrats.

“The Democratic Leadership Council, the organization that produced such figures as Bill Clinton…has long been pushing the party to forget blue-collar voters and concentrate instead on recruiting affluent, white-collar professionals who are liberal on social issues. The larger interests that the DLC wants desperately to court are corporations, capable of generating campaign contributions far out-weighing anything raised by organized labor. The way to collect the votes and—more important—the money of these coveted constituencies, “New Democrats” think, is to stand rock-sold on, say, the pro-choice position while making endless concessions on economic issues, on welfare, NAFTA, Social Security, labor law, privatization, deregulation, and the rest of it…. Democrats no longer speak to the people on the losing end of a free-market system that is becoming more brutal and more arrogant by the day.”

-- Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas, 2004

Can you believe that it's been over ten years since those words were written?  The year the ultimate elitist, Boston Brahmin John Kerry, failed to fight back against the Swift Boat smears and was defeated by George W. Bush, Ohio voting irregularities not withstanding?

As in 1980, when Ted Kennedy battled with Jimmy Carter all the way to the end, and to paraphrase the extreme conservative Republican who won the presidency that year... here we go again.

Lately, we’ve witnessed a rash of Bernie Sanders supporters declaring that they refuse to vote for Hillary Clinton in the general election. Some are defiant, and some are surprised at themselves — they never expected to be so turned off by a Democratic candidate. This has, in turn, produced a backlash from Democrats of all stripes who are terrified of a progressive revolt that divides the left in 2016 and leads to a Republican presidency. They paint the Sanders heretics as selfish and petulant — a bunch of sore losers who are prepared to destroy the country by omission. What they don’t consider, and what I hope to argue, is that there may be a rational, tactical justification for abandoning Hillary in the general election.

That bold emphasis is mine, since it underscores what I have been saying for six months.

Like most political arguments in America, the debate has become instantly polarized, and has planted the seeds of bitterness that may well bear fruit if Clinton wins the nomination and the intra-left schism comes to pass.

As a Sanders supporter and a political progressive, I haven’t yet decided whether I’ll vote for Clinton if she holds her lead and wins the nomination. 

As you should already know, I have decided, and will not under any circumstance vote for her.  I also won't be sitting out the 2016 election, and I certainly won't be writing in Bernie Sanders' name.

When I convey this uncertainty to fellow Democrats, I get one of two reactions. From progressives, mild to moderate agreement — it will be agonizing to abstain, and equally agonizing to vote for Hillary. Centrist Clinton supporters have a very different reaction, which I can only describe as form of exasperation that puts them at serious risk for tearing their hair out with both hands. They make a few emphatic points, and we may as well rehash them here:

1. By not voting for Hillary in a general election, you’re contributing to the potential reign of a Republican president, and everything that entails, for at least four years. Is your memory so short that you’ve forgotten the awful consequences of George Bush beating Al Gore because of a few thousand Nader supporters in Florida?

2. The next president may well appoint multiple Supreme Court justices, which would influence our national politics well beyond one or two terms.

3. Hey, idiot: No matter how much you dislike Hillary, she’s going to be miles better than some Republican! Even your own candidate says this!

4. We would vote for Bernie if he won.

And these are all good points. More importantly, I understand these points. I understood them from the start, in fact — they’re intuitive — and I’ve factored them in to the calculus.

Nevertheless, I still see it as a difficult choice. You might call this essay an exercise in confession — I know the potential disasters an anti-Clinton revolt entails, but I have to insist that for progressives like me, choosing whether to support her is not as simple as “fall in line or open the castle gates to the Republican hordes.” There’s strategic nuance hiding behind the façade of this binary thinking, and the consequences of throwing Hillary to the wolves are not as straightforward as many would like to believe.

These are divisive times on the left, and though the anti-Hillary movement is still marginal among progressives, it’s growing, and it needs to be understood on its own terms to prevent a party-wide schism.

Candidly I don't believe the schism can or even should be avoided, for the ultimate betterment of progressive populist voters, be they Democrats, Greens, Socialist Workers party, Working Families Party, Justice Party, or wherever they choose to place themselves.

Others have already written extensively on the issues that make her a deeply unattractive candidate to progressives; on how she’s not just dishonest — a description that applies to even the best politicians — but strikingly dishonest … as in, so comprehensively dishonest that dishonesty has become her unofficial modus operandi, to the point that when she defended her career-long support for Wall Street by invoking 9/11 and gender in the last debate. It seemed so perfectly Hillary-esque that most Sanders supporters didn’t blink; on how she and her husband used coded race-baiting in an attempt to destabilize the Obama campaign, and is employing a watered-down version of the same dirty game to imply that Sanders is sexist; on how her campaign has colluded with the DNC to reduce the number of debates — and to stage those few on awkward Saturdays — in order to limit Sanders’ exposure and prevent a repeat of Obama’s comeback; on how she has tacked leftward merely to combat Sanders’ progressive momentum — going against a lifetime of pro-Wall Street, pro-business action — and not because she actually espouses any of her shiny new positions; on how she will abandon even the rhetoric of reform the minute she wins the primary, as she and the rest of the New Democrats abandoned workers and the middle class long ago.


Yes, all of that is enough for me to reject Clinton.  I've got plenty of other reasons, though, most of which include wars and drones and bombings and assassinations under the pretense of "keeping Americans safe".  We're seeing how well this action is working lately, don't we?

But here's the real question, giving proper deference to the 'lesser of two evils' argument.

And with that unpleasant business out of the way, we arrive at the second assumption of this “cutting off the nose to spite the face” charge — that a Republican victory would be far worse, to the point of disaster, than a Clinton presidency. Bernie Sanders agrees with this, and in the short term, any left-leaning person with a brain would be a fool to disagree.

So: Do we choke back our principles, hold our noses and cast a vote for Hillary in the general? Or is there a long-term argument to be made for withholding our votes and letting the Democrat lose?

Here we go, Hillarians.  Hold on to your seats.

(T)here is a good strategic reason not to vote for Hillary, and it boils down to this: If progressives fall in line, it shows the DNC and the party’s structural elite that they can have our loyalty for nothing. It sets a terrible precedent for the future. To steal a crass expression, why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free?

Rowing in behind Clinton only justifies the establishment logic — “just feed the lefties a few scraps in the primary, wax poetic about the Republican bogeyman in the general, and they’ll shut up.” Progressives would be giving something quite important — their votes — for a party that hides behind fear-based arguments to maintain intimate ties with Wall Street while ignoring its supposed base.

But consider this: What if we didn’t vote, and Hillary lost as a result? Like it or not, that makes a profound statement. It would likely force the Democratic party to move left on economic issues and, fearing another schism, throw its weight behind a far more progressive candidate in 2020. Bernie Sanders himself says that we need a political revolution to enact real change, and if progressives plan to build a lasting movement in America, it has to start with making our voices heard on a national scale. Sending a message to the party that we won’t be placated by politicians who stand in the regressive center is one hell of an opening salvo.

This is every single reason I have suggested for voting for the Green Party's candidates.  It is in fact the most important thing Sanders supporters, disaffected liberals, and some unquantifiable number of true independents, non- and infrequent voters, and even a few Republicans -- Gobsmack bless their hearts -- can do at the ballot box.  Not voting or writing in Sanders' name is foolish.

Pick up those scattered pieces of your brain matter, Blue Dogs, and finish reading.

... If Hillary lost because progressives abstained from voting, it’s possible that Republican incompetence would be laid bare, and that they’d run the country into the ground over the next four years. If that’s what it takes to show the people that a leftist political revolution is the only viable way forward, it will have been worth watching Hillary bite the political dust. Come 2020, we could be looking at a landscape where progressive politics can finally gather enough momentum to sweep the country, and usher in a new era of FDR-esque reforms.

The dark side of withholding votes from Hillary is obvious, and it has to be measured, but the longer you analyze the situation, the more compelling the bright side becomes. No outcome is written in stone, but I would argue that the mere presence of reasonable doubt may be the best argument of all — if there’s a possibility of reframing national politics, why push ahead on the rotten middle path? Why not be guided by reasonable doubt, and let it open our minds to the possibility of positive political action?

[...]

Those are the terms. Will 2016 be the year when a revolt is justified? For now, I remain undecided. But the doubt is growing, and centrists should understand that when they accuse progressives of turning their backs on the party, it’s hard not to laugh — we’re simply fighting for traction against an erstwhile ally that turned its back on us.

That's a little nicer than I would put it, but the point is still made.  Will the "New Democrats" pay heed?  About all they have to do to con liberal Democrats -- sheepdogging them onto their bandwagon -- is give Bernie a night at the convention, make promises they might keep about a President Hillary adopting some of his progressive policy plans, and stop being sore winners.  Or would they rather have their scapegoats for future failure identified?

If the revolution gets postponed until 2020, I'll hunker down and ride out four years of Trump/Cruz/Rubio and American fascism.  What I don't think I can stand is fifteen more years of whining from the Blues about those who didn't vote for their shitty conservative candidate, or who voted for someone else.  Winter is coming, and it just may last all the way through the summer and into next fall.  I'm of the opinion that nothing could be better for the Democratic Party than to cleave itself in two and see which half survives after losing next November.

Progress or regress.  Forward or backward.  That's as clear a choice as it gets, one conservaDems will try to make work for Hillary against Trump (or whomever).  That, however, is nothing but a Hobbesian choice.

If you're still reading this, you and I both know that you're too smart to do that.

Update: This guy is waaaay angrier than me about the whole history of progressives in the Democratic Party, and recounts a bunch of it, from Jesse Jackson sheepdogging his Rainbow Coalition in behind Mike Dukakis in 1988, to Dennis Kucinich doing the same for Kerry in 2004, right up to Bernie and now.  He's written nearly 70 books and holds a Ph.D., so he might know what he's talking about.  Last three grafs:

Other pundits claim (Sanders) is ‘challenging’ the Democratic Party ‘from the left’ when in fact he is doing everything possible to prevent millions of disaffected ex-Democratic voters, mostly workers and minorities, from rejecting the Democrats and joining or forming alternative political movements.

The key to understanding why millions of Americans, fed up with 30 years of declining living and health standards, deepening inequalities and perpetual wars, do not form an ‘alternative party’ is that they have been repeatedly conned and corralled in the Democratic Party by the “house radicals”.

Jackson, Kucinich, Obama and Sanders promised radical changes in the primaries and then have gone on to hand their supporters, mostly disaffected workers, over to the Party oligarchs, abandoning them without their past social movements or future hope: like cast-off condoms. Is there any wonder why so many abstain!

Update II: Why Hillary would be a worse president than a Republican

Monday, December 07, 2015

The Weekly Wrangle

The Texas Progressive Alliance thinks we need fewer thoughts and prayers and more action to curb gun violence as it brings you this week's roundup.


 Off the Kuff has been following the legal standoff between Greg Abbott and refugee relief organizations with increasing disbelief.

Libby Shaw, contributing to Daily Kos, is not the least bit surprised to learn that the Texas Republican Party dances with the absurdity of secession again. We’re back in the silly season of elections. TX GOP: So it now it wants to secede?

Socratic Gadfly heard about Mark Zuckerberg's alleged shiny new charity, looked at it, and saw it was full of problems. Then, when some "pseudoskeptics" either claimed he was wrong, or else did special pleading for Zuckerberg, he took a closer look and found it was even worse.

CouldBeTrue of South Texas Chisme thinks Ted Cruz is a mansplaining *&% for saying condoms are all a woman needs in the way of reproductive health care.

 "Thoughts and prayers" as gun safety policy from too many Republicans who are responsible for crafting laws which protect Americans.... isn't. PDiddie at Brains and Eggs would like to see something more effective to stop the carnage in this country.

Texas Leftist took note of the threats by Lone Star Republicans to state relief agencies and Christian charities choosing to assist and relocate Syrian refugees here, a threat which turned out to be a bluff.

John Coby at Bay Area Houston wants to make sure you know who NOT to vote for in the H-Town municipal runoff election.

Earthquakes in Irving have spawned a new community impact activist group in that city, writes TXsharon at Bluedaze.

The Lewisville Texan Journal has a charming story about the new Cat Corner in a local mall, where shoppers can lounge a bit with a feline friend.

Stace at Dos Centavos has a holiday opportunity for those who want to give something really big back: sponsoring a student of the Las Americas Newcomer School during their first holiday in the United States.

Neil at All People Have Value took a good picture of downtown Houston at night. Our everyday lives have a lot of value. We should assert this value each day. APHV is part of NeilAquino.com.

====================

And here are some posts of interest from other Texas blogs.

David Ortez gives three reasons why decriminalizing first-time marijuana possession cases will be good for Harris County.

Lone Star Ma highlights the Sustainable Development Goal of ending hunger.

Robert Rivard examines the science and denial of climate change.

TFN Insider asks why Greg Abbott is bullying faith-based organizations when he claims to support religious freedom.

Lize Burr delves into the Great Disappearing Condom Machine Mystery.

Grits for Breakfast discusses the role of plea bargains in unjust convictions.

The Politics of Courage lists all of the Green, Socialist Workers Party, and Working Families Party candidates who won, or did well in, their elections last week.  Yes, in America.  The list doesn't include Harris County Green Joseph McElligott, who took over 11,000 votes and 6.31% in his Houston AL 5 bid.

Dallas Morning Views opined about Lite Guvnah Dan Patrick's pushback on "thoughts and prayers".

The Texas Observer pointed out another court defeat to Ken Paxton: more than $600,000 in legal fees to the attorneys of plaintiffs in the recent challenge to same sex marriage, which is now the law of the land.

Offcite's Houston mayoral questionnaire was posted, with the candidates responding to issues like parking, parks, pollution, preservation, and more.

In light of the contract overruns associated with the tech overhaul of the state's child support network, Somervell County Salon wants to know why Texas is paying Accenture (aka Arthur Anderson before the Enron debacle) for anything.

Houston Matters emphasizes that for fans of the abstract-expressionist Mark Rothko, there are currently three locations in Houston featuring his work.

Meanwhile back at the state capital, Better Texas Blog details some of the interim charges for the 2017 legislative session.

Sunday, December 06, 2015

TXGOP flunks secession gut-check


How many delegates do you think pronounced it suck-cession?  Astoundingly, as Bud Kennedy recounts, they applied some forethought and decided it wasn't a good idea.

With the spirit of Texas President Sam Houston over the room, state party executives voted Saturday in Austin not to poll March primary voters on declaring Texas independence.

Austin Republican Mike Goldman’s voice rose as he quoted Houston’s opposition to Confederate secession and implored the party’s state committee to avert “brother fighting brother on whether they are a Texan first or an American first.”

More immediately, the vote averted a national embarrassment with implications both in March and November.

If the party had a poll on secession, that would have drawn more disenchanted independents who also support Donald Trump. (Even the Houston-area Tea Party activists behind the idea said it’d draw new voters.) That would have hindered U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz’s shot at claiming more Texas delegates.

So this essentially came down to a resolution failing to get on the ballot -- which supporters believed would attract new voters to their primary -- because it might hurt the prospects of their favorite son, and make the party look like a sea-to-shining sea joke.  (Clue to Texas Republicans: that ship sailed years ago.)

Then, if the referendum passed and Cruz were on the ticket, can you imagine the campaign? “Why vote for a Texas Republican? They don’t even want to stay in the Union.”

Since 1861, Texas secession has always been a farcical idea promoted by liars, self-important patriots and greedy merchandise peddlers. This year, it just happens to be a particularly self-destructive idea for Republicans, which must be why the Tea Party party-wreckers brought it up.

There was an interesting article recently that suggested the Tea Bags, while losing favor overall, still have cracking up the GOP in mind.  Psychologically, they've already quit on the party, they just haven't filed the divorce paperwork.  While I found that premise somewhat intriguing, it seems more likely to me that they -- with Trump as their tool -- will actually take over the GOP and push out the moderates, who are hesitant emotionally or physically to disconnect.  Is Lindsey Graham correct in saying that nominating Donald Trump means the end of the GOP as we know it?

Are they at risk of becoming 21st century American fascists?

Honestly I'm more focused on seeing if Hillarians are going to be successful in driving out the Sandernistas.  Democrats, after all, have repeatedly demonstrated a propensity not to vote if the candidate nominated does not enthuse them enough to do so.  This is so obviously the difference between Hillary and Bernie that I am almost surprised that so many Democrats do not get it.

If I'm right about this trend, Trump could get elected president.

Mark this post as the first time I have publicly entertained the possibility that Clinton loses in 2016.